revision of OSI layer

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model:

The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.

Application(Layer 7) This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services.

Presentation(Layer 6) This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.

Session(Layer 5) This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.

Transport(Layer 4) This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.

Network(Layer 3) This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.

Data Link(Layer 2) At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.

Physical(Layer 1) This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.

try to rearrange this

PRESBYTERIAN: When you rearrange the letters: BEST IN PRAYER
DESPERATION: When you rearrange the letters: A ROPE ENDS IT
THE MORSE CODE: When you rearrange the letters: HERE COME DOTS
SLOT MACHINES: When you rearrange the letters: CASH LOST IN ME
ANIMOSITY: When you rearrange the letters: IS NO AMITY
SNOOZE ALARMS: When you rearrange the letters: ALAS! NO MORE Z'S
A DECIMAL POINT: When you rearrange the letters: I'M A DOT IN PLACE
THE EARTHQUAKES: When you rearrange the letters: THAT QUEER SHAKE
ELEVEN PLUS TWO: When you rearrange the letters: TWELVE PLUS ONE

And for the grand finale:
MOTHER-IN-LAW: When you rearrange the letters: WOMAN HITLER

laws of robotics

Law i : A Robot May Not Injure A Human Being Or, Through In Action, Allow A Human Being To Harm.

Law ii : A Robot Must Obey Orders Given To It By Human Beings Except WHere Such Orders Would Conflict With First Law

Law iii : A RObot Must Protect Its Own Existence As Laong As Such Protection Does Not Conflict witj The FIrst Or Second Law.

english is supposed to be an easy language?

who said english is easy ?

fill this blanks with yes or No.....
1._______________ i don't have a brain.
2._______________ I don't have sense.
3.______________ i am stupid.

Try to fill . all the best

acquisition of 2006

Guys this is just great. Its only the beginning of the year, and it just cant get better.Disney has anounced that it is going to acquire PIXAR studios. Pixar and Disney has already worked together, and have many block buster on their roster. Naming : Toy Story, Finding Nemo and The Incredibles. The acquisition will cost Disney $6.3 billion in shares and rest $1 billion in cash.

Earlier i had mentioned acquisition of 2005, as Adobe bought Macromedia. Just imagine where is the industry heading.

1/22/2006 11:58:00 AM

yet another Acqui

u must be knowing by now.
Jet Airways acquired Air Sahara.

Top 50 Gadgets of last 5 Decades [Click Me]

01. Sony Walkman TPS-L2 (1979)
02. Apple iPod (2001)
03. (Tie) ReplayTV RTV2001 and TiVo HDR110 (1999)
04. PalmPilot 1000 (1996)
05. Sony CDP-101 (1982)
06. Motorola StarTAC (1996)
07. Atari Video Computer System (1977)
08. Polaroid SX-70 Land Camera (1972)
09. M-Systems DiskOnKey (2000)
10. Regency TR-1 (1954)
11. Sony PlayStation 2 (2000)
12. Motorola Razr V3 (2004)
13. Motorola PageWriter (1996)
14. BlackBerry 850 Wireless Handheld (1998)
15. Phonemate Model 400 (1971)
16. Texas Instruments Speak & Spell (1978)
17. Texas Instruments SR-10 (1973)
18. Diamond Multimedia Rio PMP300 (1998)
19. Sony Handycam DCR-VX1000 (1995)
20. Handspring Treo 600 (2003)
21. Zenith Space Command (1956)
22. Hamilton Pulsar (1972)
23. Kodak Instamatic 100 (1963)
24. MITS Altair 8800 (1975)
25. Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 (1983)
26. Nintendo Game Boy (1989)
27. Commodore 64 (1982)
28. Apple Newton MessagePad (1994)
29. Sony Betamax (1975)
30. Sanyo SCP-5300 (2002)
31. iRobot Roomba Intelligent Floorvac (2002)
32. Microsoft Intellimouse Explorer (1999)
33. Franklin Rolodex Electronics REX PC Companion (1997)
34. Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System 1.0 (1998)
35. Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983)
36. Iomega Zip Drive (1995)
37. Magnavox Magnavision Model 8000 DiscoVision Videodisc Player (1978)
38. Milton Bradley Simon (1978)
39. Play, Inc. Snappy Video Snapshot (1996)
40. Connectix QuickCam (1994)
41. BellSouth/IBM Simon Personal Communicator (1993)
42. Motorola Handie Talkie HT-220 Slimline (1969)
43. Polaroid Swinger (1965)
44. Sony Aibo ERS-110 (1999)
45. Sony Mavica MVC-FD5 (1997)
46. Learjet Stereo-8 (1965)
47. Timex/Sinclair 1000 (1982)
48. Sharp Wizard OZ-7000 (1989)
49. Jakks Pacific TV Games (2002)
50. Poqet PC Model PQ-0164 (1990)

random facts about GOA

01. Goa - Gomuth (Land Of Cattle).
02. Portugese Rule : 1510-1961.
03. MeraMar Beach(see view).
04. First CM : A.P.Bandokar.
05. Divided into three regions : North, Central, South.
06. River Mandodari.
07. Population : 14 and a Half lakh.
08. Goa Medical Coll : One of the oldest(probably the oldest) Medical College in Asia, started in aroud 1800.
09. Capital : Panjim (5 Castle) in 1843, Population 90,00014
10. Cidade De Goa (City of Goa) : One of the Best Hotels of Goa.
11. 596 km from Goa
12. 415 km from Manglore
13. 600 km from Banglore.
14. 380 villages.
15. 30 Towns.
16. 3 Main Cities : Panjim, Vasco, Madgao.
17. Per Capita Income : RS 74,000.
18. Main Source of income : Mining and Tourism.
19. 82% literacy.
20. 70% Hindus.
21. 20 % Catholics.
22. 120 km Coastline.

telecom pioneers

01. Claude Chappe - Optical Telegraph - 1794.

02. First Commercial Link between Washington And Baltimore - 1843.

03. Alexander Graham Bell - Telephone - 1876.

04. ElectroMagnetic(Em) Waves Induction - Michael Faraday at the same time Joseph Henry - 1831.

05. James C. Maxwell (1831-1894) - Theorotical Foundation of Em field with famous equation - 1864.

06. Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) - First to demonstrate Electrical Transmission and proving Maxwells equation.

07. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) - Increased distance of Transmission.

08. Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) - First Wireless Telegraphy demo in 1895.

09. First Radio Broadcast in 1906 when Reginald A. Fessender (1866-1932) Transmission Voice and Music for Christmas.

10. 1915 - First Wireless Voice Transmission was set up between NewYork and San Francisco.

11. Electro Vaccum Tube - 1906 - Lee DeForest (1873-1961) and Robert Von Lieben (1878-1913).

12. 1928 - TV - John L. Baid (1888-1946).

13. First Telecasting - 1932.

14. FM - Edwin H. Armstrong - 1933.

15. GSM - 1983(Europe) and AMPS(US).

16. CTI - 1984, CTO - 1980 and DECT - 1991.

17. GSM Standardization in 1991 with greater than 5000 pages of Documentation.

18. TDMA(IS-136) CDMA(IS-95).

19. 1996 - HIPERLAN - ETSI and 1197 - 802.11 - IEEE.

20. 1998 - IRIDIUM and UMTS: IMT proposal for IMT 2000(GSM+CDMA).